Herbal textual research on Chinese medicine "Huangjing" (Polygonati Rhizoma)and some enlightenments / 中国中药杂志

To clarify the change and development of the original plants， medicinal organs， traditional functions， resource distribution of "Huangjing"(Polygonati Rhizome)， a traditional Chinese medicine， we investigated Polygonatum species on the ancient Chinese herbal texts. The name of "Nüwei" was first carried out in the book of Sheng Nong's Herbal Classic. Its effects included two aspects： one was similar to "Weirui"(Polygonati Odorati Rhizome， "Yuzhu")， that was tonifying， nourishing one's vitality， removing wind and dampness， settling five organs， making body lightness， keeping longevity and not being hungry; the second was alike to "Huangjing" recorded in the book of Ming Yi Bie Lu(Appendant Records of Famous Physicians). Specifically， "Weirui" possesses the therapeutic effect of "Nüwei"， while "Huangjing" possesses the tonic effect of " Nüwei". Thereafter， the following ancient Chinese herbal texts kept those two names and function records. Accordingly， we hold the point of view that "Huangjing" was first carried out in the book of Sheng Nong's Herbal Classic in the synonym of "Nüwei". "Yuzhu" included the "Huangjing" in ancient herbal text before Qing Dynasty， that was further confirmed by the research on change and development of the original plants. The identification between "Yuzhu" and "Huangjing" was based on the shape of rhizome and size before early Tang Dynasty. The shape was a key character and used up to now， but size was not reasonable. The opposite phyllotaxy was an important character of authentic "Huangjing" from Tang to Qing Dynasty. The seedling of Polygonatum sibiricum and P. kingianum， the adult plant of P. cyrtonema with alternate leaves were misused as "Yuzhu"("Nüwei" and "Weirui") at that time. Therefore， both "Yuzhu" and "Huangjing" should be used as key words during the search of ancient prescriptions and development of new drugs and health foods. The leaves， flowers， fruits and seedlings could be used as food or medicine other than the rhizomes in ancient China， but they haven't been developed in modern times. The culture of "Huangjing" had a long history starting with Tang Dynasty， which was recorded in Tang poetry. Then in Ming Dynasty， the culture method was described in Compendium of Materia Medica， that was cutting the rhizomes into 2 feet， planting sparsely(they would be grown densely in the next year)， or sowing the seeds. The harvesting and processing were first recorded in Ming Yi Bie Lu： "harvest the roots in February， dry in the shade". Then the processing method was changed to "steaming and drying in the sun， repeatedly for nine times" in Shi Liao Ben Cao(Dietetic Materia Medica) and "harvesting in August as well" in Ben Cao Tu Jing(Commentaries on the Illustrations). No breakthrough has been taken in the breeding of cultivars and key cultivation technologies yet. As to the geo-authentic habitats， Mount Songshan and Maoshan were firstly recorded as the best producing areas of "Huangjing" in Ben Cao Tu Jing. But Maoshan， Jiangsu province and Mount Songshan， Henan province， are not main producing areas in modern China. Consequently， the plantation plan of Polygonati Rhizome needs further study.

Achievement of Qimin Yaoshu in area of herbalogical textual research / 中国中药杂志

The achievement of Qimin Yaoshu in the area of herbalogical textual research was illustrated in this paper. Qimin Yaoshu quoted and keeped many contents from ancient agriculture books related in herbalogical literature. It also recorded the information of lots of tropical and subtropical plants. The author bringed forwarded many experiences indistinguishing plants and clarified some long last confused or wrong opinions. The studying philosophy and methods of the authors gave us much enlightenment in our herbalogical textual research. It should be taken into account when the herbalogical textual research was carried out.

Herbalogical textual research of Wuyi / 中国中药杂志

Wuyi is one of the Chinese medicine recorded in Shennong's Herbal Classic and many other herbal books during the long history period. Up to now, Wuyi is still an important medicine used for insecticidal and removing food retention. Recent researches indicated that Wuyi also had the function of anti-malaria and treating herpetic simplex keratitis. Therefore, Wuyi had notable value on clinic and development of new medicine. The herbalogical textual research on Wuyi was conducted through investigation of the literature of materia medica during the long historical period from Han Dynasty. It was demonstrated by this work that the original plants of Wuyi include Ulmus macrocarpa Hance and Hemiptelea davidii (Hance) Planch, in which, U. macrocarpa was the quality specie. U. pumila was the false specie which cause confusing. The medicine Wuyi was the processed product made from the nutlet of the plants through fermentation with other additive agents.

Elaboración de base de datos de las especies pertenecientes al Jardín Botánico Zamorano / Elaboration of database of the species belonging to the Zamorano Botanical Garden

Toda institución reconocida como jardín botánico tiene cierto grado de permanencia y toda la documentación disponible. Una de las fortalezas de las colecciones científicas en los jardines botánicos es la calidad de sus bases de datos. La utilidad de estas radica en investigaciones taxonómicas, fitogenéticas, citológicas o anatómicas basadas en ejemplares registrados. Zamorano cuenta con una colección de plantas nativas y exóticas de importancia económica; esto representa un banco de germoplasma para Honduras y Latinoamérica. El objetivo fue realizar un inventario florístico y una base de datos de las especies ubicadas en el Arboretum "Simón E. Malo", Ruta "Geco", Jardín de Plantas Medicinales y Culinarias, Colección de Frutales, Orquídeas, Mangos y Aguacates. Dentro de estas áreas de estudio ubicadas en la Escuela Agrícola Panamericana, El Zamorano, se realizó una toma de muestras para cada una de las especies, con posicionamiento geográfico, prensado de las muestras, secado, refrigerado, montaje, identificación, etiquetado y registro en el herbario "Paul C. Standley". Posteriormente, se hizo la base de datos y las fichas técnicas. Se registraron 436 ejemplares botánicos en la base datos que utiliza el herbario "Paul C. Standley" (BRAHMS, Botanical Research And Herbarium Management System) provenientes de todas las áreas seleccionadas. De los especímenes registrados se encontraron 72 familias, 210 géneros y 304 especies. Las familias con mayor número de especímenes fueron Myrtaceae, seguida por Laminaceae, Fabaceae y Lauraceae, siendo todas plantas del trópico y subtrópico que se desarrollan bien en la región. Los árboles y arbustos tuvieron la mayor representación en las especies.

Myxomycetes collection preserved in the herbarium of the Federal University of Roraima (Brazil) / Coleção de Myxomycetes conservada no herbário da Universidade Federal de Roraima

First records of myxomycetes in the North region of Brazil go back to the 19th century. Nevertheless, the myxobiota of this region is still largely unexplored, with only 42 species recorded, distributed in 20 genera and seven families. The objectives of this paper were to characterize the Myxomycetes collection of the Herbarium of the Federal University of Roraima (UFRR) and to add new records for the myxobiota of this State. The collection holds specimens collected in fragments of Open Ombrophilous Forest, Seasonal Semi-deciduous Forest, Riparian Forest, deforested areas and urban home gardens in the state of Roraima. The 157 exsiccates were analyzed and identified or redetermined based on identification keys, descriptions and illustrations. The collection is in good conditions of preservation and includes all subclasses of Myxomycetes, 83% of its orders, 50% of its families, and 20 species. Trichiales, with one family, three genera and six species, represents 62% of all exsiccates. Cribraria aff. splendens, Metatrichia vesparia, Physarella oblonga, Stemonaria longa and Stemonitis splendens are new records for Roraima and Arcyria obvelata, Comatricha pulchella, Stemonitis pallida and Stemonitopsis aequalis are referred for the first time in the Northern Region, enlarging the knowledge of the Brazilian geographic distribution of these species.

Os primeiros registros de mixomicetos na Região Norte do Brasil remontam ao Século XIX. Todavia, a mixobiota desta região está ainda muito pouco explorada, com apenas 42 espécies registradas, distribuídas em 20 gêneros e sete famílias. Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar a coleção de Myxomycetes do Herbário da Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR) e adicionar novos registros para a mixobiota deste estado. A coleção contém espécimes coletados em fragmentos de Floresta Ombrófila Aberta, Floresta Estacional Semi-decidual, Mata Ciliar, áreas desmatadas e quintais urbanos no estado de Roraima. As 157 exsicatas foram analisadas e identificadas ou redeterminadas com base em chaves de identificação, descrições e ilustrações. A coleção encontra-se em boas condições de conservação e inclui todas as subclasses de Myxomycetes, 83% das ordens, 50% das famílias e 20 espécies. A ordem Trichiales, com uma família, três gêneros e seis espécies, corresponde a 62% das exsicatas. Cribraria aff. splendens, Metatrichia vesparia, Physarella oblonga, Stemonaria longa e Stemonitis splendens são novos registros para o estado de Roraima e Arcyria obvelata, Comatricha pulchella, Stemonitis pallida e Stemonitopsis aequalis são referidas pela primeira vez para a Região Norte, ampliando a distribuição geográfica conhecida para estas espécies no Brasil.

Taxonomia atualizada de Amanoa (Phyllanthaceae) no Brasil / Taxonomic update of Amanoa in Brazil

Amanoa (Phyllanthaceae, Phyllanthoideae) has a pantropical distribution with its center of diversity in the Amazon Basin, but it has not received a recent taxonomic revision. This paper aims to treat the taxonomy of the genus, with emphasis on the Brazilian species. Collections in Brazilian and foreign herbaria were examined under stereomicroscopy with the dissection of vegetative and reproductive organs, and species were re-described and illustrated. The following species were studied: A. almerindae, A. congesta, A. cupatensis, A. glaucophylla., A. gracillima, A. guianensis, A. nanayensis, A. neglecta, A. oblongifolia, A. pubescens, and A. sinuosa. Amanoa pubescens is reestablished and illustrated for the first time. For A. glaucophylla the pistillate flower and illustration are presented for the first time, as well as the staminate flower for A. almerindae, the pistillate flower for A. oblongifolia, and the floral bud and pistillate flower for A. sinuosa. New locality records: Amanoa almerindae for Pará, Amanoa cupatensis for Acre, A. glaucophylla for Pernambuco and Bahia, A. guianensis for Pernambuco and Sergipe, A. neglecta for Brazil (Amapá), A. oblongifolia for Acre and Bahia, A. pubescens for Brazil (Amazonas), and A. sinuosa for Amapá and Pará. Monoecism in A. glaucophylla is registered.

Restingas são ambientes constituídos de um complexo de comunidades de plantas ocorrendo sobre planícies arenosas costeiras quaternárias de influência marinha. A Amazônia brasileira é o segundo bioma de maior riqueza de Melastomataceae no país, o qual está representado por 47 gêneros e 487 espécies. O presente trabalho objetivou conhecer a diversidade de Melastomataceae nas diferentes formações vegetacionais que compõem a paisagem das restingas no Pará. Foi realizado levantamento de coleções herborizadas nos herbários IAN (Herbário da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisas Agropecuárias) e MG (Herbário do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi), e coletas nos municípios de Bragança, Maracanã e Marapanim. Apresenta-se o tratamento taxonômico com descrições, ilustrações, dados de distribuição geográfica, chave de identificação para as espécies e comentários sobre particularidades morfológicas. A família está representada por 10 espécies nas restingas do Pará, a conhecer: Acisanthera bivalvis, A. crassipes, Comolia villosa, Miconia alata, Mouriri brachyantera, M. guianensis, Nepsera aquatica, Pterolepis trichotoma, Rhynchanthera serrulata e Tibouchina aspera. Tais espécies ocorrem pricipalmente em Brejos Herbáceos, Campos entre Dunas, Dunas, Campos Arbustivos Abertos e Matas de Restinga. Miconia alata representa um novo registro para o ambiente de restinga no Pará. As restingas dos municípios de Maracanã e Marapanim concentram 80% das espécies estudadas. Através deste trabalho foi possível reconhecer que nenhuma delas pode ser caracterizada como exclusiva, pois todas são encontradas em outros ecossistemas ou formações vegetacionais do país.

Inheritance of academic idea and experience about using traditional Chinese medicine from JIN Shi-yuan / 中国中药杂志

Professor Jin Shi-yuan has been worked in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) over 70 years. He made prominent contributions in identification, processing, dispensing of TCM and reasonable use proprietary Chinese medicine. In over 70 years, he has mastered herbal medicine and traditional Chinese Medicine. It is also professor JIN's academic characteristic. Professor JIN's practical experiences were summarized according to the current situation about clinical medication, change of species of Juhong and Chenpi has been different from species of medical history. The quality is lower than before. Medicinal parts of Danggui, Gancao, Huangqin and Wuyao has been changed. So the actions of these herbal medicines have been changed also. Fresh herbal Qianchangpu has disappeared but it should be used clinically. Medical history, change of species, change of medicinal part, and change of preparing process in professor JIN's academic idea were be summarized periodically. The result is hoped to be referred by administration, manufacture, medical treatment of TCM.

Estudos florísticos no município de Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas. Brasil: I. famílias Annonaceae e Gnetaceae / Floristic studies in township of Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas. Brazil: I. families Annonaceae and Gnetaceae

O Município de Presidente Figueiredo, no Estado do Amazonas, foi visitado durante três anos consecutivos, de 1996 a 1999, com o objetivo de se obter amostras botânicas da área, para estudos no Subprojeto "Elaboração de Revisões e Monografias Taxonômicas" com a finalidade de se elaborar uma Flórula para o Município. As coleções feitas neste período encontram-se depositadas no acervo do Herbário do INPA e as informações gerais sobre os taxa aqui estudados foram complementadas com as obtidas das coleções feitas anteriormente por outros pesquisadores. Para a família Annonaceae Juss. (Magnoliopsida) foram identificadas 39 espécies distribuídas em 15 gêneros. Destes, Duguetia A. St. Hill., Guatteria Ruiz & Pavon, Annona L., Unonopsis R.E.Fries e Xylopia L.destacaram-se pela diversidade em espécies, sendo os dois primeiros representados por oito e seis espécies, respectivamente, e os três últimos, com quatro espécies. A família Gnetaceae Lindl. (Gimnospermae) está representada no Município apenas pelo gênero Gnetum L., com a espécie G. leyboldii Tul.